EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AND IT'S SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES AMONGST RURAL WOMEN IN AKAGBE UGWU COMMUNITY IN NKANU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.
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Background of the Study
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a practice recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most effective strategies for ensuring the health and survival of infants. EBF refers to feeding an infant only breast milk for the first six months of life, with no additional food or drink, not even water, except for oral rehydration solutions or drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals, or medicines (WHO, 2015). The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding are well-documented and include providing ideal nutrition for infants, supporting their growth and development, and protecting them from infections and chronic diseases (Victora et al., 2016). Moreover, EBF has positive effects on maternal health, such as reducing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, ovarian and breast cancers, and promoting birth spacing (Rollins et al., 2016).
Despite these benefits, the global prevalence of EBF remains suboptimal, especially in rural areas where socio-cultural practices significantly influence breastfeeding behaviors. In Nigeria, where child malnutrition and infant mortality rates are high, exclusive breastfeeding rates are still far below the global target (National Population Commission [NPC] & ICF, 2019). The situation is even more critical in rural communities like Akagbe Ugwu in Nkanu North Local Government Area, where traditional beliefs, customs, and practices play a significant role in determining infant feeding practices.
Socio-cultural practices refer to the shared beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors within a community that influence how individuals approach various aspects of life, including health and nutrition (Gonah, 2021). In many rural communities, these practices often dictate how breastfeeding is perceived and practiced, which can either support or hinder EBF (Kavle & LaCroix, 2018). For instance, certain cultural beliefs may discourage breastfeeding immediately after birth due to the perception that colostrum is harmful or that breast milk is insufficient without supplementary feeding (Ogunba, 2019). These practices can lead to early cessation of EBF or the introduction of complementary foods before the recommended six months, thereby exposing infants to the risk of malnutrition and infections (Ogbo et al., 2017).
In Akagbe Ugwu community, traditional practices and beliefs around breastfeeding are deeply rooted. The community, like many others in rural Nigeria, places significant importance on customs passed down through generations. These customs include the belief that water should be given to newborns to quench their thirst, that breastfeeding should be combined with herbal concoctions to protect the infant from evil spirits, and that breastfeeding mothers should adhere to certain dietary restrictions to ensure the quality of their milk (Ezeama, 2020). While these practices are often intended to protect the child and mother, they can conflict with modern health recommendations and lead to practices that undermine the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (Nwosu & Ndubisi, 2021).
Moreover, the role of family members, particularly grandmothers and mothers-in-law, in influencing breastfeeding practices cannot be overlooked. In many rural settings, older women hold considerable authority over child-rearing practices, and their advice is often followed by younger mothers (Ibadin et al., 2018). These family dynamics can either support or challenge a mother’s ability to practice EBF, depending on the prevailing beliefs and knowledge about breastfeeding within the family (Lawrence et al., 2017).
Access to healthcare services and education also plays a crucial role in shaping breastfeeding practices in rural areas. In many rural communities, including Akagbe Ugwu, there is limited access to healthcare facilities and trained health workers who can provide accurate information and support for EBF (Ajibade et al., 2022). Furthermore, low levels of education among women in rural areas often mean that they are less likely to be aware of the benefits of EBF or to have the confidence to practice it (Mekonnen et al., 2018). This lack of access to information and support contributes to the persistence of harmful socio-cultural practices and the low rates of EBF in these communities.
In addition to socio-cultural factors, economic considerations also influence breastfeeding practices in rural areas. Poverty and food insecurity are prevalent in many rural communities, and these challenges can impact a mother’s ability to breastfeed exclusively (Ladomenou et al., 2017). For instance, mothers who need to work to support their families may find it difficult to practice EBF, especially if they lack access to maternity leave or breastfeeding-friendly work environments (Ekubay et al., 2020). Additionally, the high cost of living and limited access to nutritious foods can lead to concerns about whether breast milk alone is sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the infant, prompting the early introduction of complementary foods (Nwaru et al., 2019).
Understanding the interplay of these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to promote EBF in rural communities like Akagbe Ugwu. By addressing the socio-cultural practices, enhancing access to healthcare and education, and supporting mothers economically, it is possible to improve EBF rates and, consequently, the health outcomes for both mothers and infants.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Exclusive breastfeeding is a critical public health issue that has been recognized for its potential to reduce infant mortality, improve child health, and enhance maternal well-being. Despite its importance, EBF rates in Nigeria, particularly in rural areas, remain low (NPC & ICF, 2019). In the Akagbe Ugwu community, socio-cultural practices continue to play a dominant role in shaping breastfeeding behaviors, often to the detriment of EBF.
Research has shown that traditional beliefs and customs can significantly influence a mother's decision to initiate and maintain EBF (Ogunba, 2019; Ezeama, 2020). In rural communities like Akagbe Ugwu, these socio-cultural practices are deeply entrenched and are often passed down through generations. Practices such as the early introduction of water, herbal concoctions, and supplementary foods are common, despite the widespread promotion of EBF by health authorities (Ogbo et al., 2017).
The persistence of these practices suggests that there is a gap between knowledge and practice in the community. While some mothers may be aware of the benefits of EBF, they may lack the support or confidence to resist traditional pressures. Additionally, the influence of family members, particularly older women, can either support or undermine a mother's decision to practice EBF (Ibadin et al., 2018). The limited access to healthcare services and breastfeeding education further exacerbates the problem, as many women in rural areas do not receive the guidance and support they need to breastfeed exclusively (Ajibade et al., 2022).
Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the socio-cultural practices that influence EBF in Akagbe Ugwu and to identify strategies that can promote and support EBF in this community. Addressing these challenges is essential for improving child health outcomes and achieving the global target for EBF.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
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To examine the current breastfeeding practices among rural women in Akagbe Ugwu community.
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To identify the socio-cultural practices that influence exclusive breastfeeding in Akagbe Ugwu community.
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To assess the level of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in the community.
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To evaluate the role of family members, particularly grandmothers and mothers-in-law, in shaping breastfeeding practices.
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To propose strategies for promoting and supporting exclusive breastfeeding in Akagbe Ugwu community.
1.4 Research Questions
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What are the current breastfeeding practices among rural women in Akagbe Ugwu community?
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What socio-cultural practices influence exclusive breastfeeding in Akagbe Ugwu community?
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What is the level of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in the community?
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How do family members, particularly grandmothers and mothers-in-law, influence breastfeeding practices in the community?
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What strategies can be proposed to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding in Akagbe Ugwu community?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
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There is a significant relationship between socio-cultural practices and exclusive breastfeeding in Akagbe Ugwu community.
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The level of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding significantly affects its practice in the community.
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Family members, particularly grandmothers and mothers-in-law, have a significant influence on the breastfeeding practices of mothers in Akagbe Ugwu community.
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The availability of healthcare services and breastfeeding education significantly influences the practice of exclusive breastfeeding.
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Economic factors, including poverty and food insecurity, significantly impact the ability of mothers to practice exclusive breastfeeding in Akagbe Ugwu community.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study on exclusive breastfeeding and its socio-cultural practices among rural women in Akagbe Ugwu community holds significant practical and theoretical implications. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights into the factors that influence breastfeeding practices in rural communities, which can inform the design and implementation of targeted interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding.
Practical Significance:
On a practical level, the study will benefit several stakeholders, including healthcare providers, policymakers, and the community at large. For healthcare providers, understanding the socio-cultural factors that affect breastfeeding practices will enable them to offer more culturally sensitive and effective support to mothers. This can involve the development of educational programs that address specific misconceptions and traditional beliefs about breastfeeding, as well as the provision of practical advice on how to overcome challenges related to exclusive breastfeeding.
Policymakers can also use the findings of this study to inform the creation of policies and programs that promote exclusive breastfeeding at the community level. This could include initiatives to train community health workers to provide breastfeeding support, the establishment of breastfeeding support groups, and the integration of breastfeeding education into existing maternal and child health programs. By addressing the unique needs and challenges of rural communities like Akagbe Ugwu, such policies can help to increase the rates of exclusive breastfeeding and improve child health outcomes.
For the community, the study has the potential to empower women with knowledge and confidence to practice exclusive breastfeeding. By addressing the socio-cultural barriers that currently hinder breastfeeding, the study can contribute to a shift in attitudes and behaviors that support the health and well-being of both mothers and infants. Additionally, the involvement of community leaders and family members in breastfeeding promotion efforts can help to create a supportive environment that encourages exclusive breastfeeding.
Theoretical Significance:
From a theoretical perspective, the study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on breastfeeding practices and the socio-cultural factors that influence them. By focusing on a rural community in Nigeria, the study will provide insights into the unique challenges and opportunities for promoting exclusive breastfeeding in similar contexts. The findings can be used to refine existing theories on breastfeeding behavior and to develop new models that better account for the influence of socio-cultural practices.
Furthermore, the study will contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role of traditional beliefs and customs in shaping health behaviors. By exploring the intersection of culture and breastfeeding, the study will provide a deeper understanding of how cultural practices can be both a barrier and a facilitator of positive health outcomes. This knowledge can be applied to other health interventions that aim to improve maternal and child health in culturally diverse settings.
The study on exclusive breastfeeding and its socio-cultural practices among rural women in Akagbe Ugwu community is significant for its potential to inform policy, practice, and theory. By addressing the socio-cultural factors that influence breastfeeding, the study will contribute to the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding and the improvement of child health outcomes in rural communities.
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of this study is focused on the exclusive breastfeeding practices and socio-cultural influences among rural women in Akagbe Ugwu community in Nkanu North Local Government Area. The study will explore the various traditional beliefs, customs, and family dynamics that shape breastfeeding practices in this community. It will also assess the level of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding among the women and the role of healthcare services and economic factors in influencing their breastfeeding behaviors.
The study will involve women of childbearing age who have breastfed or are currently breastfeeding. It will also include interviews with family members, particularly grandmothers and mothers-in-law, who play a significant role in shaping breastfeeding practices. The research will be conducted through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions.
However, the study has certain limitations. First, the findings may not be generalizable to all rural communities in Nigeria, as the socio-cultural practices in Akagbe Ugwu may differ from those in other regions. Second, the study relies on self-reported data, which may be subject to recall bias or social desirability bias. Third, the study may face challenges in accessing some participants, particularly in areas with limited transportation or communication infrastructure. Despite these limitations, the study is expected to provide valuable insights into the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding in rural communities and to inform strategies for promoting breastfeeding practices in similar settings.
1.8 Definition of Terms
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Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF): The practice of feeding an infant only breast milk for the first six months of life, with no additional food or drink, except for oral rehydration solutions or drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals, or medicines.
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Socio-Cultural Practices: The shared beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors within a community that influence how individuals approach various aspects of life, including health and nutrition.
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Colostrum: The first form of milk produced by the mammary glands immediately following the birth of a newborn, rich in antibodies and nutrients essential for the infant's immune system and development.
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Complementary Feeding: The process of introducing solid and liquid foods to an infant’s diet in addition to breast milk after six months of exclusive breastfeeding.
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Traditional Beliefs: Long-standing customs or practices passed down through generations within a community, often influencing various aspects of daily life, including health behaviors.
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